The Science of Reiki

The Science of Reiki
by Nikki Mackay BSc, MSc, Oona McFarlane
Originally from www.tirnanog.co.uk - given to Angela Gorman, PRO, RFI by kind permission


The following is an article written by Nikki and Oona about the research carried out at the Southern General Hospital in Glasgow. Nikki designed and carried out the study as part of a postgraduate qualification, and Oona was the primary Reiki practitioner in the study. This article was published in 'Connections magazine', a further version will appear in a 2005 issue of 'Reiki News' magazine, and the details of the original study's publication in 'The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine' are also detailed below.

One of the biggest challenges faced by complementary therapists today is the need to bridge the gap between science and "New Age" beliefs. While public perceptions of the benefits of a more holistic approach to health, and to life in general, have shifted significantly in recent years, there is still much to be done to ensure that those who might benefit most have both awareness of, and access to, therapies and services which can be literally life-changing. For those of us already convinced of the potential benefits of alternative remedies and treatments, through personal experiences and those of clients and students, the lack of scientific research to back up, and in particular to explain the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine, can often be frustrating.

This is perhaps particularly true of Reiki. Like many energy healing systems, it is a safe, gentle and effective complementary therapy, which can benefit almost any condition, from emotional stress to chronic pain. Reiki is a non-invasive treatment that can complement existing allopathic treatment, carries no side effects and no contra-indications, and appears to reduce stress, help boost the immune system and stimulate the healing process within the body. The benefits of treatment are often felt immediately, and a weekend training course can provide all the necessary techniques and information for participants to treat themselves, family and friends. Having worked with Reiki and other energy systems for years, and witnessed the extent of the healing brought about on many levels for so many people, it is our belief that this therapy should be available to everybody. To become available to everybody, ideally through mainstream medical and therapeutic channels, it has to first be proven to be effective, beneficial and safe. For this to be proven we need to employ accepted rigorous scientific methods and move away from the more anecdotal research that relies upon the impression of the patient and/or healer on their progress rather than measurable parameters. A tall order, perhaps, but we believe we have just taken another step towards that possibility.

I first heard about Reiki and energy healing in general when I was training to be a clinical physicist with the North Glasgow National Health Service (NHS) trust in the UK. I was fairly sceptical when I first heard about it, but after I experienced it and felt it for myself I became convinced of its value as a healing and spiritual tool. I became convinced that something that causes you to feel relaxed, to improve your health (I was suffering from M.E at the time and Reiki helped dramatically) and wellbeing in such a positive and tangible way must have some physiological effect within the body. I was certain that this couldn't just be due to a psychological belief. I came to the conclusion that if there was an actual physiological effect of the energy healing that this would be triggered within the nervous system, and more specifically, the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The ANS is concerned with the functions of the body that we ourselves cannot control directly such as respiration, blood pressure, sweating and vaso-dilation. It permeates every part and every organ of the body with both sensory and motor pathways, and plays a part in the regulation of our essential functions. I started to investigate previous research into energy healing to see if anyone else has come up with this link. I discovered that there have been several attempts to study the mechanism of effect in touch therapies such as Reiki, however most have been anecdotal in approach and few studies have used a rigorous scientific approach for the measurement of biological outcomes. A literature review of previous studies shows an apparent link between Reiki treatment and the autonomic nervous system. One of the most commonly reported effects of Reiki is that of relaxation or a reduction in stress. The ANS is the motor system for emotion; if Reiki were to ameliorate stress it would therefore also have some effect on the ANS. A paper authored by Ramnarine-Singh (1999) states that the physiologic system sensitive to energy-based therapies is the ANS, as it affects the body's physiological response to stress, and suggests that physiologically Reiki and Therapeutic Touch (TT)-a therapy similar to Reiki-can be measured by recording blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, electroencephalography, electrooculography, galvanic skin response, and hand temperature.

Wardell and Engebretson (2001) measured the biologicaleffects of Reiki on the ANS and found significant reduction of anxiety and systolic blood pressure, and a significant increase in salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, using healthy volunteers for their study. Anxiety was assessed through muscle tension measurement using electromyography as well as monitoring of salivary IgA levels. Vaughan (1995) also investigated the ANS looking at systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and skin response, and found a definite trend towards the lowering of diastolic blood pressure. Turner et al. (1998) investigated the use of TT for reducing anxiety levels in burn patients, finding a significant reduction in the TT group in comparison with a placebo group. Evanoff and Newton (1999) found that energy-based therapies significantly reduced pain in a randomized control trial of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. TT/Reiki has also been investigated within the field of cutaneous wound healing. Ramnarine-Singh (1999) highlights the apparent link between energy-based therapies and the ANS, stating that the previous "psychological" research is difficult to interpret because of the subjectivity involved. It calls for new studies measuring physiological responses within the ANS. Work by Quinn (1984) and Vaughan (1995) support this hypothesis.

At this point I had just finished a rotation period working in the Institute of Neurological Sciences at the Southern General Hospital in Glasgow, a world class centre for research of this type. I contacted my supervisor at the institute to discuss my ideas about energy healing and the ANS and to propose a plan for a research study. He was as curious as I was, and so we began to put together a proposal. It took considerable time, effort and energy on our part before we were finally given approval to go ahead with the study, which we entitled "An investigation into the effect of Reiki on the Autonomic Nervous System". The aim of our study was to investigate if some indices of autonomic function would show any significant differences between Reiki treatment, a placebo treatment and a control group. The study was a blind trial with subjects assigned at random into the three groups. 45 Healthy volunteers were recruited from colleagues and associates, 15 subjects assigned into each group. The study used parameters for which there are reliable, quantitative measures such as heart rate (HR), cardiac vagal tone (CVT), blood pressure (BP), cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex (CSB), breathing activity and hand skin temperature. These parameters are controlled by the cardiovascular and respiratory centres in the brainstem but are modulated by higher functions of the nervous system. The novel aspect of our study was the real-time measurement of brainstem autonomic function by monitoring cardiovascular regulation carried out by the medullary nuclei.

During the study itself the Reiki group received rest and Reiki treatment, the placebo group received rest and placebo treatment, and the control group only rest. On arrival the subject was positioned on a couch and the electrodes and transducers were attached. Baseline data were recorded during a rest period for 15 minutes. There then followed a 30 minute treatment period (Reiki or placebo or rest) followed by another 10 minute rest period.

The Reiki treatment consisted of the placement of the practitioner's hands over the subject's body in a series of six hand positions chosen to correspond with key points in traditional energy healing systems, over clothing, for a thirty-minute period. The hands were placed over the volunteers' eyes, temples, occiput, chest, knees and the soles of the feet. The only point at which the practitioner touched the volunteer was to place their hands underneath the head to reach the occiput. The placebo treatment was carried out by a person with no knowledge of Reiki, who simply mimicked the hand positions of the Reiki practitioner.

Eight different physiological parameters were recorded: heart rate; systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure; mean blood pressure; cardiac vagal tone; cardiac sensitivity to baroreflex; skin temperature and respiration rate. From the statistical analysis of the data we found that there were no significant differences present in the control group, this was as expected. However we did find statistically significant differences between the Reiki and placebo groups, namely changes in heart rate and blood pressure. For those who received Reiki treatment, there was a significant reduction in heart rate and diastolic blood pressure that did not appear in either the placebo or the control group. We have linked the observed reduction in heart rate with the increase in CVT, indicating increased parasympathetic Autonomic activity. There was also an observed increase in skin temperature which could be caused by increased blood flow to the skin, enabled by the reduced vaso-constriction, indicating a reduction in sympathetic activity of the ANS, though the observed change was small. Blood pressure showed a significant reduction in the Reiki group. The blood pressure reduction can perhaps be explained by the increase in CSB that we witnessed. However, higher centres are able to set the level at which the blood pressure should be defended by the autonomic control system. In the placebo group the CSB also increased, although to a lesser degree, but with no corresponding blood pressure reduction. This suggests that perhaps the difference in blood pressure has been caused by higher centres within the nervous system setting a different control level in Reiki but not in placebo.

So what does all this actually mean? Scientifically, what we can say after carrying out this study is that there appear to be significant differences between the Reiki group and placebo and control groups. The nervous system appears to be responding differently to Reiki than to placebo Reiki which strongly indicates that Reiki has some effect on the autonomic nervous system. We cannot conclusively say that "Reiki works", as this was a relatively small study, but it certainly does justify further research, such as a larger study either looking in more detail at the ANS and its response to Reiki, or investigating the symptom profile of a disease during and after Reiki treatment. What we can say after completing this study is that the body, and the ANS specifically, responds to Reiki or energy healing and that this response is not purely a psychological effect or wishful thinking on the part of practitioner and/or patient. This scientifically sound conclusion represents a significant step towards bringing energy healing as a whole into the mainstream and, with luck and more hard work, ultimately into general medical practice.

-------------------------------------------------------------

The research is published in full in the following Scientific peer reviewed journal: Autonomic Nervous-System-Changes During Reiki Treatment:

A Preliminary Study, THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 10,Number 6.

For more information on the research or to study Reiki with Nikki Mackay and Oona McFarlane please contact them at Tir na nOg.

Telephone 01360 449300 info@tirnanog.co.uk www.tirnanog.co.uk

REFERENCES

Boon H, Stewart M, Kennard MA, Gray R, Sawka C, Brown JB, McWilliam C, Garvin A, Baron RA, Aaron D, Haines-Kamka T. Use of complementary / alternative medicine by breast cancer survivors in Ontario: prevalence and perceptions.
[comment]. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:2515–2521.

Evanoff A, Newton WP. Therapeutic touch and osteoarthritis of the knee [comment]. J Fam Pract 1999;48:11–12.

Halliwill JR, Taylor JA, Eckberg DL. Impaired sympathetic vascular regulation in humans after acute dynamic exercise.
J Physiol 1996; 495:279–288.

Julu POO, Hansen S, Al Rawas S, Jamal GA. Real-time study of brainstem cardiovascular regulation during systemic excitation of _1-adrenergic receptors in fully conscious human subjects.

J Physiol (Lond) 2001; 533P:76P–77P. Julu POO, Hansen S, Barnes A, Jamal GA. Continuous measurement of the cardiac component of arterial baroreflex (ccbr) in real-time during isometric exercise in human volunteers.

J Physiol (Lond) 1996; 497P: 7P–8P. Julu POO. A linear scale for measuring vagal tone in man.

J Autonom Pharmacol 1992; 12:109–115. Kemper KJ, Cassileth B, Ferris T. Holistic pediatrics: a research agenda. Pediatrics 1999;103:902–909.

Lin MC, Nahin R, Gershwin ME, Longhurst JC, Wu KK. State of complementary and alternative medicine in cardiovascular, lung, and blood research: executive summary of a workshop. Circulation 2001;103:2038–2041.

Little CJ, Julu PO, Hansen S, Reid SW. Real-time measurement of cardiac vagal tone in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:H758–H765. Mackay N, Hansen S, McFarlane O. Autonomic Nervous-System-Changes During Reiki Treatment: A Preliminary Study, The journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine Volume 10,Number 6.


Mansour AA, Beuche M, Laing G, Leis A, Nurse J. A study to test the effectiveness of placebo Reiki standardization procedures developed for a planned Reiki efficacy study.[comment]. J Altern Complement Med 1999;5:153–164.

Martini FH. The Autonomic Nervous System: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001:503–526.

Orem J. The wakeful stimulus for breathing. In: Isaa FG, Surat PM, Remmers JE, editors. Sleep and Respiration. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990:23–31. Quinn J. Therapeutic touch as energy exchange: testing the theory. Adv Nursing Sci 1984;6:42–49.

Ramnarine-Singh S. The surgical significance of therapeutic touch. AORN J 1999;69:358–369.

Spyer KM. The central nervous organisation of reflex circulatory
control. In: Loewy AD, Spyer KM, editors. Central regulation of autonomic functions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990:168–188.

Turner JG, Clark AJ, Gauthier DK, Williams M. The effect of therapeutic touch on pain and anxiety in burn patients. J Adv Nurs 1998;28:10–20.

Vaughan S. The gentle touch. J Clin Nurs 1995;4:359–368. Wardell DW, Engebretson J. Biological correlates of Reiki Touch(sm) healing. J Adv Nurs 2001;33:439–445.